Principles of Learning David Robertson Free Essays

string(142) assault to the overview of human presences, and their reactions to outside incitements, may great flexibly an infiltration into how individuals learn. As the Course Lecturer for the Automotive Department at Newcastle College it is my obligation, and end, to ensure that the essential supporting cognizance ( both functional and hypothetical ) of Motor Vehicle Engineering is conveyed to the students of the area so they may fix, either for City and Guilds investigation, or work in a nearby engine vehicle constitution. Numerous profound volumes have been written regarding the irritated request of Learning Theories in guidance, their alleged advantages, and their belongings after larning and whether they exist as discrete substances by any stretch of the imagination. In any case, before any choices can be shown up at, an anxiety of the various speculations, their central supporters and their outcome after larning will require to be gotten a handle on. We will compose a custom paper test on Standards of Learning David Robertson or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now After an easygoing test into the single hypothesis I will catch up with my thoughts concerning the findings corresponding to my curious nation of guidance. Before this examination it is important to gracefully a diagram of the securing habits by and by utilized in the field of Education These habits fall into three gatherings: A/Cognitive-In the Cognitive way understudies increase hypothetical comprehension through the airing of data regularly in a classification based condition. This is very applicable to drive vehicle innovation as the subject is innately perplexing. B/Psychomotor-In the Psychomotor way understudies are required to show an extent of useful workshop based achievements. This is basic in that the point is one that requests an evaluation of manual skill. C/Affective-In the Affective way students figure out how to carry on themselves perform and follow the correct disposition in a workshop situation. This is only an occurrence of continuance ; a workshop is a possibly risky topographic point to be in. The entirety of the above habits are, to changing evaluations and ward upon the exercise in request, utilized in the speculations recorded beneath. Learning speculations, or rules of procurement, have been created ( now and again over decennaries ) and sharpened to better the teachers worry of the system of student obtaining. Subsequently, educators require a worry of these standards, which feature nations where understudies are destined to partner to, thus gain from. These guidelines incorporate the Fieldss of: Cognitivism Behaviorism Philanthropy Gestalt Social Learning We as educators, once in a while without cognizing it, be given to oblige our way of bringing to suit these guidelines subliminally. In any case, with a misgiving of these standards joined with a foundation perception of the understudies themselves, such principles, as recorded above, could great better the way where an exercise is conveyed, thus, as needs be, better the securing of the students. Cognitivism The gathering of educationists, referred to together as the Cognitivists, among whom are the important figures of Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner and Lev Vygotsky topographic point significant highlight on the understudies themselves and how they get, and intellectually sort out, the cognizance they gain, in outcome how they â€Å" know † the universe around them. The general technique is a mind boggling arrangement of unseeable mental exercises cooperating to deliver a nett expansion in comprehension. Essentially, it is about idea, determining cognizance, recovering and finishing up. Spearheading work in the field of subjective advancement was primarily finished with kids with an end goal to see how they learn, so psychological improvement can be seen as the developing of intelligent idea over clasp ( state as the child develops ) and with due notice to the researchers condition from adolescence to adulthood. Teacher J.Bruner named this as a signifier of â€Å" platform † , whereby an adult would a little bit at a time take the help developed around the child ( or more established researcher ) as they become increasingly ready to comprehend, or maestro, an exceptional endeavor. The Russian Marxist Philosopher Lev Vygotsky by the by ( working in pre WWII Russia ) , given he is in the Cognitivist cantonment, did non use the organizing hypothesis by any stretch of the imagination, on the other hand he built up an equal hypothesis considered The Zone of Proximal Development where the researcher is at the Center of a gathering of homocentric circles, with what is as of now known at the Center and what is to be realized transmitting out in rings. The general build is that the researcher, with help from either more established children or adults, moves ( by means of bearing ) from the inside nations to the external in this manner inferring perception and capability. This is fortified by Reece A ; Walker who territory â€Å" Students do non essentially get data, however effectively make a type of what it intends to them † . ( Reece A ; Walker 2003 p86 ) In the Cognitive assault to guidance, cognizance is seen as representative and as the general outcome of larning while at the same time larning itself happens through the rehash of an unconventional endeavor. The student is urged and spurred to analyze, from which they will ideally reason a feeling of achievement. With notice to my learning the Cognitive assault is plainly evident, thus it loans itself in a perfect world to the nation as employment goals and experimentation ( for delineation repeating an endeavor until capable ) is a significant device in the evaluation methodology of my researchers. A representation of this is the point at which a particular student tunes in to my verbal bringing, so comprehends the build and in the end recalls the answer for a vocation ; other than if they can hang on the coherent speculation behind the activity so they will hold satisfied each of the four principles for intellectual securing. They can so come on and use this kept up discernment to turn out to be other, progressively mind boggling, Motor Vehicle Engineering requests. The of import thing to recover is that my researchers are non dormant in this situation, however originative in footings of what the guidance and obtaining offices to them, they are dynamic members in the securing method, using their subjective achievements to comprehend a new situation. Behaviorism As Curzon ( 1997 p36 ) states â€Å" Behaviorism emerged as a response to larning being deciphered as negligible mental activity † . The Behaviorist assault to procurement depends on a predominantly nineteenth century develop that following a logical assault to the overview of human presences, and their reactions to outside incitements, may great flexibly an infiltration into how individuals learn. You read Standards of Learning David Robertson in class Article models It was by and large impacted by energize being tests ( a leader of numerous behaviorists ) which showed the result on encephalon types of controlled conditions and incitement ; it was additionally contended this could be persisted to universes. The Russian Physicist Pavlov ( 1849-1936 ) is most popular for his investigations with Canis familiariss. Fundamentally, he connected a particular sound with the stipulation of supplement which caused the Canis familiaris to salivate. After some clasp he found that the unimportant sound would do the Canis familiaris to salivate, so reenforcing the hypothesis that an incitement based reaction was taking topographic point in the Canis familiaris. Anyway when this was extended to contingent human reactions the capacity of universes to use phonetic correspondence to pass on â€Å" muddied the Waterss † somewhat as this achievement meddled with unadulterated inalienable aptitudes based reactions. He presumed that universes have less inborn aptitudes than vivify creatures ( or rather the 1s we had have been disintegrated by improvement ) thus human conduct is administered by restrictive reactions. He other than accepted that psychological marvel could be managed dispassionately and experimentally when it is viewed as noticeable and mensurable conduct. John B Watson was another main supporter of the Behaviorist school of thought comparable to human obtaining. He felt that conduct could be adjusted through the activities of arranged incitements upon the individual and that, as an impact, the individual in request could be â€Å" molded † through these incitements to welcome on a modification in conduct so prima to larning taking topographic point. In my guidance I utilize the method of giving input as a signifier of support, and now and then contest, regardless of whether it is in the signifier of verbal congrats, following an immediate request focused on an impossible to miss understudy or in a composed mode in the wake of estimating a task. I have discovered that positive criticism from me will take to better future work, and an expanded level of confirmation, from the understudy. So as such an incitements based reaction framework is beneficial in my field. Positive input is an about ensured way of bring oning larning in a student however this must be tempered by the occasions when I must be reproachful of crafted by an understudy, it is an equilibrating demonstration, on my segment, to happen the correct level of incitements ( input ) to advance an understudy without detering them by being unnecessarily basic. Some of the time a basic input concentrate from me is planned, and worded, to propel a reaction in the curious understudy as though I am tossing down a test to them to better. Compassion The Humanist procurement rule, or Humanism, became out of a feeling of disappointment with other larning hypotheses, especially Behaviorism. The humanistic Psychologist Abraham Maslow ( 1890-1970 ) accepted a researcher ‘s physiological requests, security requests and the feeling of having a place with a gathering must be satisfied before the thought process to larn was acknowledged, and his presently observed ‘Hierarchy of Needs ‘ pyramid high spots this in thing, runi

Alice in Wonderland Essay Example for Free (#4)

Alice in Wonderland Essay As the Cheshire-Cat shows up and sits on an appendage of a tree with his smiling face while Alice is strolling in the woodland he discloses to her that everybody in wonderland is distraught even Alice, which is the reason she is there. Alice didn't concur with the Cheshire-Cat however proceeded on her approach to see the March Hare at any rate. Being distraught or insane doesn't generally make an individual terrible. Actually the Cheshire-Cat was correct, all the individuals in Wonderland were to be sure distraught and they were all there consequently. In each exemplary story there are acceptable characters versus terrible characters. In the book, Alice in Wonderland composed by Lewis Carroll, there is no exemption. The characters Alice, the White Rabbit, and the Cheshire-Cat are for the most part positive characters in the story and the Queen of Hearts is the miscreant or the negative character in Wonderland. Constructive characters can be distinguished in the account of Alice in Wonderland by their characters and how each character associates with each other. Lewis Carroll just made one particular negative character and the rest he made either positive characters or characters that are Just in the center. The vast majority of the characters in the ook are center characters that don't have a fortunate or unfortunate feeling of character. Antagonistic characters can be distinguished by shading and character too. The Queen of Hearts for example is spoken to by the shading red with speaks to fierceness and outrage. That portrays the Queen impeccably. Alice is a positive character in the account of Alice in Wonderland. She is the principle character of the story. Lewis Carroll works admirably of depicting Alice as a youthful inquisitive and polite woman. Youth and blamelessness can depict Alice as a positive character. All through the entire story Alice gets onfused quit effectively when conversing with the others in Wonderland, the Mad Hatter and the Caterpillar particularly. In spite of the fact that she is in a dark and insane world, Alice saves her cool generally and attempts to keep her detects. In the realm of Wonderland, nonetheless, being normal is distraught, which permits Alice to fit right in with the others (From Alice in front of an audience). The White Rabbit was made to differentiate Alice all around. He is shy, old, dependable, and regularly anxious. The White Rabbit can be viewed as a positive character since he is white in shading, additionally on the grounds that he is to some degree supportive. In spite of the fact that he is timid and anxious he doesn't do whatever would cause him to be viewed as a negative character. I would state he is to some degree an arbiter, neither positive nor negative. The White Rabbit is critical in the tale of Alice in Wonderland so as to comprehend Alice more (From Alice in front of an audience). Generally extraordinary of them everything is the Cheshire-Cat. At the point when Alice first runs over the Cheshire-Cat he is in the place of the Duchess and is smiling broadly. From the manner in which he is first depicted I felt that he would have been a negative character in the story. His smile appeared to be some what terrible and on the grounds that he was baffling prompted the decision he was a negative character. After the book goes on the Cheshire-Cat is extremely quiet and reasonable in the distraught universe of Wonderland. He enables Alice when she to require somebody to converse with and when she has inquiries concerning Wonderland. The Cheshire-Cat is the most proficient about Wonderland and fits directly in with regards to insanity (Spark Notes from Alice in Wonderland). Sovereign of Hearts. A portion of different characters have their snapshots of impoliteness or smart ways however none of them can be distinguished as complete negative characters esides the Queen of Hearts. At the point when we initially meet the Queen she comes into the yard shouting orders at everybody and being inconsiderate. From the earliest starting point you can tell that the Queen has outrage and wrath inside her. Since she is red in shading she can be recognized as negative. Red generally has an awful undertone and is normally connected with outrage and fire or rage. She settles on unreasonable choices, the vast majority of them influencing everybody except herself. Everybody in her court fears her since she is known for arraigning and executing anything and any individual who holds her up (From Alice in front of an audience). Of the considerable number of characters in Alice in Wonderland the Queen of Hearts and Alice are the most critical. I would not say that in this story there is a saint or lowlife, yet Just positive and negative characters. A great deal of the characters in the story were center characters that had no feeling of positive or negative, they were Just distraught. Everybody in Wonderland was distraught, including Alice, that is the reason she wound up in Wonderland. Lewis Carroll characterized each character utilizing their characters. The Queen of Hearts fretful, boisterous, and unsavory and Alice is interested, reasonable, and has a feeling of uperiority. Alice in Wonderland. (2018, Nov 07).

Jean Kilbourne’s article “Jesus is a brand of jeans” Essay

The theory of Jean Kilbourne’s article â€Å"Jesus is a brand of jeans† is that everything on the planet is only a stuff to be devoured or to be utilized to sell individuals something, and changes peoples’ viewpoint. Connections, for instance, are utilized to sell individuals gems for their friends and family. Different promotions exploit feelings to sell their items. Promotions make an atmosphere of negativity. â€Å"Ad after promotion portays our genuine lives as dull and standard, promise to people as something to be stayed away from. † 2) Jean Kilbourne is tending to everybody who is likewise the crowd of advertisementsâ€that is, all of us. Kilbourne utilized specific notices to demonstrate the proposal, and statements from master feelings. The strategy is viable in demonstrating the point yet it stays to the individual peruser whether to put stock in such stuff or to simply excuse it as negligible suspicion. 3) Jean Kilbourne has an extremely solid contention. With the utilization of models, one really wanted to imagine that promotions propose an idea that material things are more important than humansâ€that peoples’ lives are dull and that their items are necessities to make life beneficial. Part III One entry that I discovered fascinating in the Jean Kilbourne’s article â€Å"Cutting young ladies down to measure: The impact of the media on high school body image† is that about portion of the members in an investigation that was directed to decide the impacts of magazines on adolescent young ladies â€Å"reported a longing to free weight as a result of a picture in a magazine, yet just 29% were really overweight. † This gives a rundown of what the article is about and demonstrates how generalizing from notices could impact what one looks like at things, even actually.

Buy Custom OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Essay Sample

Operations Management Operations management is a transformational process of such inputs as resources, labor force, and energy into outputs. This sphere of management is essential for any organization, especially for the ones that operate at a global level. The main components of operational management involve: business planning, capacity management, scheduling, corporate strategy and strategic management. It is highly important for any organization to develop vision and mission that would comply with operation management tactics to be able to compete with other global organizations. Before the emergence of the operation management theory, organization focused more on enhancing labor force and increasing workers productivity. However, the ignorance of managing human resources and excess focus on task accomplishment did not provide significant results. Thus, the evolution of the production system has given a rise to enterprise resource planning and operations management. The final outcomes of this development included the necessity to meet clients demand and deliver high-quality goods and services. Further analysis of operations management refers to the definition and components. Specifically, the researchers define the area as the one that contributes to the companys greater flexibility and readiness to changes. Capacity management is also essential for managing external challenges, such as rigid competition in the global market place. As per business planning, the emphasis has been placed on the development of new solutions to adjusting resources flow to such elements as geographic location, time, and terms of delivery. The best practices in operations management are represented through such famous companies as American Express and Ford Company. These global producers of goods and services attain much importance to the quality of goods through the organization of supply chain management. With regards to these examples, operations management plays an important role in sustaining a competitive advantage. This is of particular concern to cultural, political, and social dimensions.

Gender Based Discrimination And Social Norms - 1233 Words

Gender-based discrimination and social norms are the most common causes of violence against women. Theoretically, these societal norms that have been in grated to us since childhood lead us to believe that the male gender has the right to do whatever they want while at the same time restrict the female gender from doing the same or condemn or punish them if they fail to obey such stigmas. So far, efforts have only focused on responses and services for survivors; given the devastating effect violence has on women. Preventing the violence from happening in the first place by addressing its root and structural causes is the best way to end violence against women and girls. It is only through education of boys at a young age that it is possible to change this norm of looking at women as the lesser sex. In order to prevent and eradicate gender-based discrimination in a fast and sustainable manner, working on the attitudes of the youth is the best possible step. This is because youth is a critical time when values and norms around gender equality are forged, while public policies and intervention often overlook this stage of life. The 57th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) placed a strong urge on the prevention of the gender-based discrimination. Working on the theme: â€Å"eliminate and prevent all forms of violence against women and girls†, which was attended by representatives of various organizations from all over the world. Prevention also means to make theShow MoreRelatedGender Differences And Gender Inequality1717 Words   |  7 Pages Gender differences and gender inequality are sometimes used interchangeably but do not refer to the same thing. The two concepts are common in gender literature; however, they are not uniform across different cultures based on the degree of conservative attitudes present. The significant differences between sexes and used as arguments against equal rights primarily against women’s rights. Hence, the gender issue has continually been created in light of the standard views or conceptions ofRead MoreSocial Construction Of The Labor Market1169 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Though societal norms exist, we must understand that there are negative results and learn to challenge these norms (gender norms). That is why unions are being created, to fix these problems of inequality people face in the labour market. It may never be the intention of the labour force to propagate gender inequality, or perhaps not out rightly so. Unfortunately, the social construction of society has created norms that individuals unconsciously follow and pass on from one generationRead MoreWhat Was The Aftermath Of The Provision? After Ab12661648 Words   |  7 Pagesviolated by a transgender person would have the right to sue for no less than $4,000† (Garza). The act also requires that people use the bathroom that matches their birth sex and this includes bathrooms in public places and in government buildings. Norms Kristen Schilt and Laurel Westbrook, sociologists from the University of Chicago and Grand Valley University, describe in their article â€Å"bathroom battlegrounds and penis panics† the underlying logic and myths behind the â€Å"sexual predator† argument inRead MoreGender Is A Complex And Controversial Phenomenon1415 Words   |  6 PagesGender remains a very complex and controversial phenomenon. Within most societies, gender is defined along binary lines- through a two-part system. Some individuals do not find it difficult being socialized and identifying with a societies’ definition of â€Å"femaleness† and â€Å"maleness†. Others, however, have a more difficult time. The term â€Å"transgender† refers to particular individuals whose gender identification does not align with what society would rather regard them as, and are based on the conventionalRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Transgender Community1600 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress themselves, etc. Dalton Conley explains that gender â€Å"[Is] a collectively defined guidebook that humans use to make distinctions among themselves, to separate one being from another, and to comprehend an otherwise fuzzy mass of individuals.† (279) However, when this â€Å"collectively defined guidebook† is mildly altered, many individuals are confused and respond negatively towards these changes. Transgenders are individuals who identify with a gender that does not correspond with their sex, and soRead MoreGender Inequality : Gender And Gender982 Words   |  4 Pages Gender is based on cultural assumptions that classifies on what positions should be held based on gender. Therefore, Gender inequality affects people in the workforce because of the gender wage gap in institutions. For example, jobs are sex segregated based on gender roles and status. The gender gap is based on wages and job positions. This causes for males and women to earn different because of gender. Even if they have the same positions males are look as authority. Men are favoredRead MoreThe Impact Of Globalization On The Workplace Environments Of Different Cultures Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesor abusive† (Green 658). Thus, judgements based on looks are completely tolerated, as aesthetic discrimination is arguably not abusive. Iranian scholar Zahra Ghordati notes in her recent publication, â€Å"The Influence of Globalization on ‘Lookism’ in Workplace Environments of Different Cultures†, that â€Å"individuals should be free to discriminate on the basis of their own values. This means that institutions are free to enact policies that prohibit discrimination against or benefit in some way those whoRead MoreCycle of Socialization Essay examples982 Words   |  4 PagesThe cycle of socialization is a process through which social identities are created, and in effect, each individual represents and is affected by their social identity. According to the cycle of socialization, the first stop in the socialization process is outside of one’s control—one is socialized even before they are born. Our social identities are predetermined, and we are born in a world with roles, rules, and assumptions already in place. Our family and role models teach these rules and rolesRead MoreGender And Gender Inequality1084 Words   |  5 Pagesnot changeable. Gender is seen closely related to the roles and behavior assigned to women and men based on their sexual differences. As soon as a child is born families and society begin the process of gendering. The birth of the son is celebrated, the birth of a daughter filled with pain; sons are showered with love, respect, better food and proper health care. Boys are encouraged to be tough and outgoing; girls are encouraged to be homebound and shy. All these differences are gender differences andRead MoreGender Inequality Within India And India996 Words   |  4 Pageslack of equality, disparity, inequality of size, and social disparity. In simple terms, gender inequality is defined as discrimination against women based on their sex. Women are generally considered as the weaker sex. They are misused, degraded, violated and segregated both in homes and in the outside world. Women are oppressed all around the world, yet it is more prominent in India. Social and economic processes produce and reproduce gender inequality within the community and the family. Using

Patrol free essay sample

In the Border patrol theres an exciting life for everyone who is interested in serving their country. While some choose to Join the army, navy, marines or the air force, I choose the border patrol because I find Immigration far more Interesting. Not to mention the culture clash between two different Nations. The border patrol not only focuses on Immigration thou, Its also about selling money, drugs, Illegal documents, agricultural Issues and more. Its the agency that represents our country; the first impression is given to foreigners and visitors.It covers many aspects and basically jugulate everything and everyone that passes through. Theyre in charge of what comes in and comes out. U. S Border Patrol is particularly interested preventing the unlawful entry of anything into the United States. This paper is particularly focused on the agency as a whole, but also on the work of the agency in the border of the United States and Mexico. We will write a custom essay sample on Patrol or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whether this may be the entry of terrorist, weapons, aliens, drugs, money, animals etc. Hill reducing crime and bringing security to border communities and Improving the quality of life, and apprehending people that re found to be trying to smuggle them In. That Is why they are looking for young candidates that want to serve their country and protect It. As In every other association there are requirements In order to get In. To be a border patrol agent new applicants must be under the age of forty, unless of course the applicant Is an eligible veteran, which would give him major preference or has previous experience in law enforcement.It is also a requirement to be a citizen of the united States and a resident. Since the agent work in the border its also preferred for them to speak overall languages or be willing to learn them, however to be fluent in English and Spanish is the major preference. And its very important for the applicant to be in excellent health conditions so a medical investigation, fitness test, drug test, and physical fitness test are required as well as a regular background check to make sure there are no felonies, arrests etc.And as a last requirement to possess a valid drivers license. (Border Patrol Agent) There are however, things that can automatically disqualify you for the Job or make you seem as unsuitable for the position. These things come out easily during background checks so applicants must be aware of them. Being sincere and above all do not deliberately attempt to hide certain information from the recruiting agencies is crucial.Past or present arrests are a major problem, or any other pending cases against you can make you look as untrustworthy and theref ore unsuitable for the Job. Any convictions whether this may be misdemeanors are unacceptable. The applicant must have without question a clean record. And of course, the excessive consumption of alcohol is also unacceptable along with the use of illegal drugs and/or sale/distribution of them. Dismissals from previous jobs are also checked, since its Important for the agency to know why you were laid off previously.And debts and financial issues while might not Immediately disqualify you for the Job, does make It more difficult and other applicants might be taken more seriously than you maligning your chances of getting the Job. (Border Patrol Agent) If all the criteria Is meet then once hired the agents must complete a fifty five day paid Basic Academe training program at the includes immigration topics, nationality laws, marksmanship and the physical training program that will prove itself challenging and superior for every agent.An additional forty days will be assigned to complete to those who do not know Spanish language in order to improve their basic communication skills. Agents must expect to work overtime and sometimes double-shifts once theyve started. And be aware that they will work under arduous conditions. Not to mention they will work with weapons so they must be willing to carry firearms and be proficient in their use. Once all the raining has been completed agents could and more than likely be sent on temporary assignments to different locations on very short notice.

The Handmaid’s Tale and Songs of Innocence and Experience Essay Example

The Handmaid’s Tale and Songs of Innocence and Experience Paper Both Margaret Atwood and William Blake explore the issue of authority and the power it has over the vulnerable in society in their texts. Atwood presents the theme of authority with various motifs: the Nazi-like principles of the hypocritical, totalitarian government of Gilead; irony and neologisms. Blake illustrates how adults have a profound authority over children by using a child’s voice, in both innocence and experience sections of his poetry. He exposes what he believed were the ‘evils’ of society at the time including child labour and the industrial revolution with techniques such as irony, contrast and social critique. The Gileadean government can be viewed as similar to the totalitarian Nazi regime, which allows Atwood’s dystopian novel to be viewed in the same way as a hypothetical axis victory in WWII[1] (a created alternative history in which the Third Reich won the Second World War), her inspiration possibly coming from her visit to West Berlin which â€Å"had a sinister feeling, surrounded by the Wall and with East German planes flying low overhead†[2]. We will write a custom essay sample on The Handmaid’s Tale and Songs of Innocence and Experience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Handmaid’s Tale and Songs of Innocence and Experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Handmaid’s Tale and Songs of Innocence and Experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hitler made it clear in his book of what an ‘ideal’ society would be like, including the ‘pure’ blonde hair, blue-eyed Aryan race and the traditional 3K’s policy expected of women (Children, kitchen, church). A comparison between this and The Handmaid’s Tale can be made as modern women in Western America during the ‘time before’ had more opportunities and control over their own bodies. The freedom of women is often presented through Moira, who is a lesbian: â€Å"she’d decided to prefer women†, and a feminist. The lexical choice of â€Å"decided† suggests Moira had complete control over her lifestyle choices; implying she had ‘chosen’ her sexuality in order to oppose patriarchal control and to not be subject to the vulnerability and oppression that men impose upon her. She also criticises Offred for having her â€Å"head in the sand† because she is not particularly interested in feminist concepts; whereas Moira shares the characteristics of a radical feminist. Pre-Nazi Germany involved the ‘Golden Twenties’ which saw the newly formed Weimar culture; conservative and radical right wing activists criticised the ‘sexualisation’ of the westernised flapper and the image of what goes against a ‘traditional woman’[3], the Nazi party reversed these advancements. The flashbacks that Offred experiences show the contrasts between the society ‘before’ compared to now; the Gileadean government also claim that the previous society was harmful to women because the sexual freedom ‘led’ men on. She comments on the tourist women’s skirts in chapter six â€Å"it’s been so long since I’ve seen skirts that short on women†¦That was freedom. Westernized, they used to call it†. The Aunts tell the handmaids that wearing clothing like that had made them more prone to rape, which is what they tell Janine in response to her being gang raped at fourteen. She was gang-raped at fourteen and had an abortion [ ] It may not even be true. However, it can be argued that the Gileadean society is no better as women have little option other than to participate in the ‘Ceremonies’ and are objectified; suggesting that women are more vulnerable than before. The use of Biblical manipulation to represent authority is also a common theme throughout. Aunt Lydia reads the passage of Rachel and Leah: â€Å"Give me children or I die† to brainwash and manipulate the handmaids into revolving their lives around getting pregnant. This appears to create rivalry between the women in a competitive manner; Offred said about Janine: â€Å"She’s a magic presence to us, an object of envy and desire, we covet her†. Janine seems to gain strength with pregnancy, she is seen â€Å"glowing†; whereas she previously appeared weak to everyone. Gilead’s manipulation is emphasised with the quote: â€Å"From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. † which the government ironically claim is from the Bible, yet it is a quote from the founder of Marxism: Karl Marx. [4] Showing how the government is able to manipulate the Bible to fit their ideal society as the quote is originally about Communism, but can be manipulated to the women filling the ‘needs’ of society (reproducing). However, the handmaids are controlled and vulnerable to religious manipulation and control because they will never know if it is part of The Bible: â€Å"The Bible is kept locked up†¦ who knows what wed make of it, if we ever got our hands on it? We can be read to from it, by him, but we cannot read. † This can be compared to William Blake’s poem ‘The Garden of Love’, which evokes the image of The Garden of Eden before the fall of mankind[5]; this is where Adam and Eve could love without consciousness and embrace the freedom of sexuality. The second garden relates to the ‘Song of Songs’ within the Old Testament which is an erotic poem but has been manipulated further into a ‘purer’ love such the relationship between Christ and people. This ideology could be represented by Blake in this poem because the â€Å"green†, â€Å"sweet flowers† have been built upon by â€Å"graves†, representing the death of sexual freedom and how religion restricts people, preventing them from acting in a way that is natural and instinctive. This is similar to The Handmaid’s Tale using religion to manipulate the way people express love and lust, including Offred and Nick who had to be intimate secretly, making them more vulnerable to Gileaden control. The men in the novel also use their authority to turn women against each other, shown with the relationship between the handmaids and Aunts. Offred appears to not take her indoctrination not too seriously; she dismisses Aunt Lydia’s aphorisms such as Modesty is invisibility†. However, the structural use of repetition throughout the novel manifests the idea that the indoctrination has worked on Offred as she finds herself repeating the aphorisms in her head and it affects her behaviour, for example: â€Å"they also serve who only stand and wait. †, which was a quote that one of the aunts told the handmaids in a ‘lesson’. Christian spokeswoman Joyce Meyer has said â€Å"Instead of being critical of people in authority over you and envious of their position, be happy youre not responsible for everything they have to do. Overwhelm them with encouragement and appreciation! [6] This is not dissimilar to the attitude of the aunts in terms of the authority of men; Aunt Lydia said to the Handmaids: â€Å"Try to think of it from their point of view she said†¦It isn’t easy for them†. The aunts may feel like they have a form of authority but they are still controlled by the men: the Handmaids’ jealousy toward one another and the syllabus the Aunts teach was based on the ideology of the patriarchal Gileadean government. The moral of this by Atwood was perhaps to encourage women to empower each other against patriarchy, the solidarity creating a stronger, less vulnerable female society. In Blake’s poetry, it is clear that he had a deep concern for the children of the 18th century, who were often used for child labour as young boys were often used as chimney sweeps where they were forced into tiny spaces and many suffered from ailments based on their ‘job’[7]. In the ‘Chimney Sweeper’ from Songs of Innocence, Blake uses the naive narrative of a child and the syndetic listing of regular boys’ names â€Å"Dick, Joe, Ned, Jack†-emphasising the normality of the boys; meaning this kind of exploitation could have happened to anyone. He creates an innocent tone with a dark underlining message; â€Å"if all do their duty, they need not fear harm. † This ambiguity and innocence allows the reader to sympathise with the child who believes that if they do the duty of chimney sweeping, God will protect them and they will go to heaven. On one hand this can be seen as hopeful because the angelic semantic field (â€Å"angel† â€Å"bright† â€Å"white†) suggests a ‘guardian’ as a form of protection; the juxtaposition the â€Å"black† soot and the â€Å"white† imagery could represent religion being able to give hope and encourage the children in dark times. The narrator comments on this thought making his friend â€Å"happy and warm†. However, it is also possible that Blake is criticising religion because of the false hope it gives the chimney sweeps with the quote â€Å"if all do their duty, they need not fear harm†, this suggests the owners of the young and naive sweeps indoctrinate them by manipulating them to do their jobs and if they don’t they will be doing something which is ‘morally wrong. The authority of the master-sweep is comparable to the Gileaden government and parallels can be drawn between Offred and the boy narrator. This is through the manipulation both parties have inflicted upon the most vulnerable, indoctrinating them with phrases such as â€Å"if all do their duty they fear no harm† from the master-sweep and â€Å"they only serve to those who stand and wait† from the aunts which does set some of their moral in life. The progression between ‘The Chimney Sweeper’ in innocence to experience presents a more negative tone with a dark semantic field â€Å"weep†, â€Å"death† â€Å"woe† â€Å"misery† Blake’s message could have been to show that with age, the innocence of hope dies away and the older you are, the less likely you are to be manipulated which emphasises the vulnerability of the innocent children. ‘The School Boy’ by Blake offers an insight into the theory that children are indoctrinated by authorities (adult teachers) in a way that prevents them from being free spiritually. This poem is also narrated in the voice of a child, likewise to ‘The Chimney Sweeper’ but is located in Songs of Experience. The honesty in this poem: â€Å"Worn through with the dreary shower†, contrasts with the positivity and passiveness of The Chimney Sweep, suggesting that there is not only a vulnerability of children through adult authority but also between educated and non-educated children. The language is a lot more sophisticated and low frequency â€Å"dreary, â€Å"mellowing† showing the narrator’s level of intelligence; the message perhaps being that un-educated children are more prone to vulnerability as they rely on hope and religion, the abstract nouns such as â€Å"mellowing† suggest that they have got nothing concrete to look forward to as they are manipulated by religion; whereas the schoolboy does not rely on abstract values because he sees himself ‘at one’ with nature and knows he would be happier if he was free in nature, not free by death/heaven. This is presented thorough the comparative imagery of a bird; â€Å"The skylark sings with me† showing emphasised unity between the schoolboy and the bird/ nature. The vulnerability is present in this poem with the schoolboy feeling as if he trapped by the teacher’s â€Å"cruel eye†. The cliche phrase ‘ignorance is bliss’ is relevant within this poem because the narrator knows he is being controlled and doesn’t rely on religion for happiness, whereas the narrator in the ‘Chimney Sweep’ from Songs of Innocence has hope; he believes that is he does his duty he â€Å"fears no harm† and is ignorant towards the control inflicted upon him. Structurally, Offred has the ability of reflecting in the ‘night’ chapters of the novel The Handmaid’s Tale and when she does, aspects of the ‘time before’ are revealed including her carefree past. â€Å"I would like to be ignorant. Then I would not know how ignorant I was† now she is not ignorant, she realises how she used to be and that the problems of patriarchy were under the surface all along. The language within The Handmaid’s Tale also plays a big part in control and manipulation. This includes the use of neologisms that the Gileadean government had imposed upon the public as a way of controlling the way they think; feminists and deformed babies are degraded and treated as sub humans, denoted by the terms â€Å"Unwomen† and â€Å"Unbabies. † Black and Jewish people are defined by biblical terms â€Å"Children of Ham† and â€Å"Sons of Jacob†; this purposely sets them apart from the rest of society, making the ‘Christian’ white American easily view them as different and abnormal; linking with the theme of Biblical manipulation. The authorial intent of using neologisms from Atwood would perhaps correlate with modern governmental neologisms: most likely American. For example, President Reagan had penned the term ‘Evil Empire’[8] whilst talking about the Soviets during the Cold war in order enforce propaganda by emphasising his distrust towards them. This term would have also most likely been used within American media and amongst members of the public in order to create further hostility and to view the Soviets as the enemy. This links with the power of authority because both the Gildeaden and American government had the ability to determine the public’s depiction of aspects of society they deem wrong or that go against their principals/ viewpoints. Likewise to ‘The Chimney Sweep’, ‘Holy Thursday’ from Songs of Innocence presents a naive tone. This is shown through the song-like structure which includes rhyming couplets of ABAB; however the underlining message is dark and ironic to the tone, with themes of vulnerable orphans and controlling guardians. The poem can be viewed as a criticism on behalf of Blake towards the corruption in Christian charity schools, which are often viewed as a positive aspect from the general public in the 18th century and today. Sarah Trimmer, a writer, critic and educational reformer had stated ‘Children of the poor should not be educated in such manner as to set them above the occupations of humble life, or so as to make them uncomfortable among their equals’. This point of view can be perceived as the general thought process of a lot of those in authority, who generally believed that each class should remain to their ‘God-given’ position on earth and orphaned children were no exception. The boys and girls are described as â€Å"companies† which presents a sense of unification within the children; however it also suggests that they are under corporate supervision and they are being restricted by the constant authority figures described as â€Å"grey headed beadles†. This is parallel to the restriction the narrator experiences in ‘The School Boy’, who dreams of being free within nature and free of the prisons of school, where there is mass control. The juxtaposition of colours between the children, who are described wearing â€Å"red blue green†, manifests the imagery of grey, dull supervisors alongside the colourful children dressed in prominent primary colours. To conclude, both texts express sympathy to the vulnerable in society and serve as an overall message to the readers. Whilst Atwood’s novel can be perceived as a ‘warning’ to women to remember the roots of feminism as Offred had only just realised the importance of Women’s righrs and a criticism of traditional old-fashioned patriarchy, Blake’s poetry creatively highlights the corruption of child labour, expresses the importance of nature and the unity of the human race. Both Atwood and Blake present the young as more vulnerable; The Handmaids are young in order to reproduce and the children are controlled in Blake’s poem in a new age of industry and labour. This suggests that the authorial intent may have been to present the youth as being naive and easily manipulated by the older generation (shown by the Chimney sweep and Offred’s indoctrination) but can also be the root of change and evolution (presented by the thought process of the school boy and Moira’s character). References http://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-04/entertainment/ca-2834_1_atwood-tale-handmaid https://www.facinghistory.org/weimar-republic-fragility-democracy/primary-sources/weimar-culture http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/utopia/methods1/bourgeoisie1/bourgeoisie.html http://crossref-it.info/articles/24/Garden-of-Eden,-Adam-and-Eve,-Second-Adam http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/joycemeyer565203.html http://www.wellerschimneysweeps.com/?page_id=384 Reagan, Evil Empire, Speech Text